Many European languages use a cognate of the word substantive as the basic term for noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo, "noun"). (The word nominal is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.)
Similarly, the Latin nōmen includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word noun, the two types being distinguished as nouns substantive and nouns adjective (or substantive nouns and adjective nouns, or short substantives and adjectives). Because adjectives share these three grammatical categories, adjectives are placed in the same class as nouns. In Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by gender and inflected for case and number. The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical forms that they take. The English word noun is derived from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman noun. All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name". The term used in Latin grammar was nōmen. The Ancient Greek equivalent was ónoma (ὄνομα), referred to by Plato in the Cratylus dialog, and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in The Art of Grammar, attributed to Dionysius Thrax (2nd century BC). In Yāska's Nirukta, the noun ( nāma) is one of the four main categories of words defined. Word classes (parts of speech) were described by Sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century BC.
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